關于機器人涂裝線全面實施的思考
2016年全國勞動年齡人口為90747萬人，占總人口的比重為65.6%。
In 2016, the working age population in China was 907.47 million, accounting for 65.6% of the total population.
這意味著，全國勞動年齡人口比上一年減少了349萬人。這是中國勞動年齡人口自2012年連續五年凈減少。勞動年齡人口減少并存的，是老齡化程度的持續加深。越來越多的年輕人不愿意外出打工，而是選擇更加靈活的就業方式，在大眾創業、萬眾創新的趨勢影響下企業的用工問題在進一步加深。涂贏天下網記者小編帶您深入了解涂裝全面實現機器人時代還有多久？
This means that the working age population in the country has decreased by 3.49 million compared to the previous year. This is the net decrease in China's working age population for five consecutive years since 2012. The coexistence of a decrease in the working age population is due to the continuous deepening of aging. More and more young people are unwilling to work outside and choose more flexible employment methods. Under the influence of the trend of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, the employment problem of enterprises is further deepening. Tu Ying Tian Xia reporter Xiao Yu will take you on a deep understanding of how long it will take to fully realize the era of robots in painting?
涂裝用工成本壓力山大
The pressure of painting labor costs is enormous
在用工難，用工荒的大環境下，能找到工人已經是不錯了，而找那些有一技之長的技術型人才更是難上加難。現在的涂裝市場就是這樣一個現狀。前不久的一個新聞提到油漆工師傅工資賽過白領真的把小編給嚇到了，小編在某招聘網上搜索了涂裝工的工資發現還真是這樣，普通油漆工大概4000到7000左右，而那些有技術含量的藝術涂裝師傅就要去到6000到2萬不等，據小編了解到涂料企業最近的生意不好做，而有涂裝業務的企業更是頭痛，面對如此高額的用工成本有沒有一種方法可以解決呢？
In the context of difficult employment and labor shortage, it is already good to find workers, but it is even more difficult to find technical talents with unique skills. The current painting market is like this. A recent news report mentioned that the salary of paint workers is higher than that of white-collar workers, which really scared Xiaoyu. Xiaoyu searched for the salary of paint workers on a certain recruitment website and found that it is indeed like this. Ordinary paint workers are around 4000 to 7000 yuan, while those artistic paint workers with technical content have to go up to 6000 to 20000 yuan. According to Xiaoyu's understanding, paint companies have been struggling to do business recently, and companies with paint business are even more headache stricken. Is there a way to solve such high labor costs?
機器人代替人工時代來臨
The era of robots replacing humans is approaching
隨著用工成本上升，一些大企業掀起使用工業機器人的風潮。公開資料顯示，2009年，比亞迪公司耗資數億元引進了13臺ABB噴涂機器人，可全自動完成整個車身的油漆噴涂工作，油漆膜厚誤差控制在2微米以內，涂料的用量可減少30%左右。富士康今年開始減少招工，據說是因為大量使用機器人替代人工。富士康董事長郭臺銘曾表示，公司將增加生產線上的機器人數量以完成簡單重復的工作，2012年達30萬臺，2014年達100萬臺。此外，華為、中興通訊、廣州光寶也在使用工業機器人。
With the rise in labor costs, some large enterprises have sparked a trend of using industrial robots. According to public information, in 2009, BYD invested hundreds of millions of yuan to introduce 13 ABB spray painting robots, which can fully automate the painting process of the entire vehicle body. The paint film thickness error is controlled within 2 microns, and the amount of paint used can be reduced by about 30%. Foxconn has started to reduce recruitment this year, reportedly due to the widespread use of robots to replace manual labor. Foxconn Chairman Terry Gou has stated that the company will increase the number of robots on its production lines to complete simple and repetitive tasks, reaching 300000 in 2012 and 1 million in 2014. In addition, Huawei, ZTE, and Guangzhou Guangbao are also using industrial robots.
衡量一個國家自動化水平的基準之一是制造業的機器人密度，即每一萬名產業工人中擁有的多功能機器人數量。國際機器人聯合會數據顯示，中國2011年的這一數字是21臺，國際平均水平是55臺，其中美國是135，德國是251，日本是339，韓國是347。《涂贏天下》記者小編了解到中國近兩年增速非常快，從總量上看，2010年中國的裝機量僅有52290臺，2011年上升到74317臺，從2013年至今我國已經成為全球最大的機器人市場。“這兩年來，我國工業機器人處于國家政策紅利、工業轉型升級需求釋放、人口紅利減弱、市場需求增長的機遇疊加期，工業機器人市場得到了平穩快速增長。”廣州機器人產業聯盟副秘書長林國志在接受《經濟日報》記者采訪時介紹說，2016年國產工業機器人全年累計銷售29144臺，按可比口徑計算較上年增長16.8%。考慮到前期研發企業實現投產、新企業進入等因素，實際銷量比上年增長30.9%。
One of the benchmarks for measuring a country's level of automation is the robot density in the manufacturing industry, which refers to the number of multifunctional robots per 10000 industrial workers. According to data from the International Federation of Robotics, China had 21 units in 2011, while the international average was 55 units. The United States had 135 units, Germany had 251 units, Japan had 339 units, and South Korea had 347 units. Tu Ying Tian Xia "reporter Xiao Yu learned that China's growth rate has been very fast in the past two years. In terms of total volume, China's installed capacity was only 52290 units in 2010, rising to 74317 units in 2011. Since 2013, China has become the world's largest robot market. In the past two years, China's industrial robots have been in a period of overlapping opportunities, including national policy dividends, the release of industrial transformation and upgrading needs, the weakening of demographic dividends, and the growth of market demand. The industrial robot market has achieved stable and rapid growth, "Lin Guozhi, Deputy Secretary General of the Guangzhou Robot Industry Alliance, said in an interview with the Economic Daily. In 2016, a total of 29144 domestically produced industrial robots were sold, an increase of 16.8% compared to the previous year based on comparable standards. Taking into account factors such as the production of R&D enterprises in the early stage and the entry of new enterprises, actual sales increased by 30.9% compared to the previous year.
涂裝機器人的普及
The popularization of painting robots
文章的前面提到比亞迪公司耗資數億元引進了13臺ABB噴涂機器人，可代替人工實現全部車身的噴涂工作。值得一提的是，機器人不僅比人工噴涂少失誤，而且機器人不需要休息，企業只要在購進設備的時候多花一點成本和一些維修保養的費用，跟人工相比在用工成本這一塊計算下來，確實省了一大筆費用。只要插電就能工作不知辛勞的機器人受到不少企業的親睞。
As mentioned earlier in the article, BYD has invested hundreds of millions of yuan to introduce 13 ABB spray painting robots, which can replace manual labor to achieve the spraying of all vehicle bodies. It is worth mentioning that robots not only make fewer mistakes than manual spraying, but also do not require rest. Companies only need to spend a little more on equipment and maintenance costs when purchasing equipment. Compared with manual labor, in terms of labor costs, it does save a lot of money. Robots that work tirelessly as long as they are plugged in are favored by many companies.
涂料油漆在施工過程中多多少少都會對施工人員造成一定的影響，尤其在汽車，集裝箱這些油性漆使用大戶身上體現出來，所以在涂裝市場里，汽車、集裝箱這些涂裝產業率先使用了機器人噴漆的工作，現在已經普及到幾乎不需要人工的現狀。近年來，家具行業也開始使用機器人噴漆設備，相比起汽車，家具行業開啟全自動噴涂時代相對比較晚，也就是發生在這兩年的事情，大約在2014年之后，在人力成本不斷上升的壓力下，加上工業4.0的持續發力，越來越多的企業進行產業轉型升級，開展“機器換人”的計劃。
During the construction process, paints and coatings will inevitably have an impact on workers, especially in large users of oil-based paints such as cars and containers. Therefore, in the painting market, the automotive and container industries were the first to use robot spray painting, which has now become popular to the point where it almost does not require manual labor. In recent years, the furniture industry has also begun to use robot spray painting equipment. Compared to automobiles, the furniture industry started the era of fully automatic spray painting relatively late, which happened in the past two years. Around 2014, under the pressure of rising labor costs and the continuous efforts of Industry 4.0, more and more enterprises are undergoing industrial transformation and upgrading, and carrying out plans for "machine replacement".
小編了解到，噴涂機器人可以安全、高效地完成多種噴涂作業，同等條件下，一個機器人的工作完成量相當于十個工人，可幫助企業有效規避一路高漲的用工成本，在一定程度上緩解用工的問題。同時，機器人噴涂在保護環境方面也有著積極的作用。
Xiaoyu learned that spraying robots can safely and efficiently complete various spraying operations. Under the same conditions, the amount of work completed by one robot is equivalent to ten workers, which can help enterprises effectively avoid the rising labor costs and alleviate the labor problem to a certain extent. Meanwhile, robot spraying also plays a positive role in protecting the environment.
眾所周知，涂裝行業是一個高耗能和高污染行業，以我國為例，每年生產的涂料數量，在涂裝過程中會向大氣排放數百萬噸VOCs。而噴涂機器人的誕生，憑借日益完善的涂裝自動化解決方案，能有效提高涂料的利用率，從而減少VOCs的排放。
As is well known, the painting industry is a high energy consuming and high polluting industry. Taking China as an example, the amount of paint produced each year will emit millions of tons of VOCs into the atmosphere during the painting process. The birth of spraying robots, with increasingly sophisticated coating automation solutions, can effectively improve the utilization rate of coatings and reduce VOCs emissions.
無人企業時代在進行
The era of unmanned enterprises is underway
馬云的無人超市在杭州開業，不少市民去體驗了一番，這間無人超市購物只需要進門掃碼和挑選商品直接走人這兩步。由于沒有人工成本，無人超市的成本支出大約只有傳統超市的四分之一。店主只需每天早上自己補貨即可。
Jack Ma's unmanned supermarket has opened in Hangzhou, and many citizens have experienced it. Shopping in this unmanned supermarket only requires two steps: entering the door, scanning the QR code, and selecting products. Due to the absence of labor costs, the cost expenditure of unmanned supermarkets is only about a quarter of that of traditional supermarkets. The shop owner only needs to replenish the goods themselves every morning.
據悉，平均一個人可以一天管理十家這種無人超市！按照一個補貨員5000一個月的工資計算，相當于平均一家店的人工成本只有500元左右。
It is reported that an average person can manage ten unmanned supermarkets in a day! Based on the monthly salary of 5000 for a restocking clerk, the average labor cost for a store is only about 500 yuan.
這對于傳統超市，傳統零售行業來說，將形成非常大的沖擊！信息化時代，機器人普及，智能系統的普及一定程度上驅使傳統企業快速更新發展，所謂無生意可做，最直接就是“賺差價”的無生意可做，我們與工廠直連，物流強大，需要買什么、買多少，工廠再生產，沒有囤貨，沒有中間商。
This will have a significant impact on traditional supermarkets and retail industries! In the era of information technology, the popularization of robots and intelligent systems has to some extent driven traditional enterprises to rapidly update and develop. The so-called "no business to do" is most directly "no business to do" to make a profit. We are directly connected to factories, with strong logistics. What we need to buy, how much we need to buy, and factories reproduce without stockpiling or intermediaries.
所謂無工可打，未來的世界還需要人類打工嗎？富士康流水線上出現大量機器人，劉強東開始用機器人送貨。李彥宏已經坐無人駕駛汽車上了北京五環，馬云的無人超市已經落地。所謂無縫可鉆，信用時代，消滅了不公平，消滅了潛規則。區塊鏈，讓一切更公開、透明、不可篡改。你往哪里鉆？
Is the future world still in need of human labor when there is no work to be done? A large number of robots have appeared on Foxconn's assembly line, and Liu Qiangdong has started using robots to deliver goods. Robin Lee has taken a driverless car to the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing, and Ma Yun's unmanned supermarket has landed. The so-called seamless and drillable era of credit has eliminated unfairness and hidden rules. Blockchain makes everything more open, transparent, and tamper proof. Where are you going to drill?
從今天開始，企業變革自己，不要指望任何人，也不能指望任何人，能救企業的，只有自己！該來的，終究還是來了！機器人用工時代不是未來，而是現在。
Starting from today, enterprises must transform themselves. Do not rely on anyone, nor can you rely on anyone. Only oneself can save the enterprise! What should have come, has finally come! The era of robot labor is not the future, but the present.
藝術涂裝領域，機器人還不能代替人工
In the field of artistic painting, robots cannot replace human labor yet
小編前面提到，涂裝用工市場上數藝術涂裝師傅的工資最高，不少業內人士跟小編提到：“藝術涂裝價錢高，高的不是涂料本身，而是人工”。藝術涂裝市場這幾年十分火爆，既有乳膠漆的耐擦洗、防水、防霉性能，又有比壁紙更優越的墻面效果，可以做到壁紙不能做到金屬質感，其易打理和富有質感的墻面裝飾效果受到不少消費者的喜愛。
Tu Ying Tian Xia reporter Xiao Yu mentioned earlier that in the painting labor market, several art painting masters have the highest salaries. Many industry insiders have told Xiao Yu that "the price of art painting is high, not because of the paint itself, but because of the labor". The art painting market has been very hot in recent years, with both the scrub resistant, waterproof, and mildew resistant properties of latex paint and superior wall effects compared to wallpaper. Wallpaper cannot achieve a metallic texture, but its easy to maintain and textured wall decoration effect is loved by many consumers.
藝術涂料作為一個新興的產業，專業化從事施工的公司及團隊并不是很多。同時，藝術涂料施工工藝是一種新興起的裝飾手法與技巧，需要公司對施工人員進行長期的培訓，才能培養出一個合格的藝術涂料技師。因此，藝術涂料施工的問題，成為藝術涂料行業發展的瓶頸。藝術涂料施工，最重要的是色彩搭配和工藝的創新。產品本身可能各個品牌都大同小異，但是采用什么樣的工藝搭配，什么樣的色彩搭配能呈現出最好的效果，這個就需要有一定的審美理念。由此可見，成為一個藝術涂裝師傅不容易，這也就是藝術涂裝師傅為何工資高的原因。
As an emerging industry, there are not many specialized companies and teams engaged in the construction of art coatings. At the same time, the construction technology of artistic coatings is a newly emerging decorative technique and skill, which requires companies to provide long-term training for construction personnel in order to cultivate a qualified artistic coating technician. Therefore, the issue of artistic paint construction has become a bottleneck for the development of the artistic paint industry. The most important aspect of artistic paint construction is the innovation of color matching and craftsmanship. The product itself may be similar across different brands, but what kind of craftsmanship and color combination can present the best effect requires a certain aesthetic concept. It can be seen that becoming an art painter is not easy, which is why art painters earn high salaries.
未來這幾年來說，機器人代替藝術涂裝人員還不能實現，不過技術高度發展的今天，實現涂裝技術機器人時代只是時間的問題。
In the next few years, it is not yet possible for robots to replace artistic painters. However, in today's highly developed technology, it is only a matter of time before the era of painting technology robots can be realized.
機器人生產的弊端
The drawbacks of robot production
前面說到的時代在發展，企業用工時代也需要發展，機器人工廠是一個大趨勢的路子。一方面我國人力成本也在急劇上漲。目前以機器人為主要的自動化設備也逐漸受到工商的青睞，雖然部份企業把工廠搬到東南亞等地區去獲得更便宜的勞動力，但最近越南發生反華事件把中國人的工廠砸成了灰燼，讓這些企業蒙受巨大損失，另一方面東南亞國家政治不穩定，基礎設施落后并非制造業投資良地，進行自動化轉型升級才是最佳的途徑。機器人代替人工生產能夠幫助企業解決用工難的問題，大大節省在生產費用方面支出，機器化操作有效減少產品質檢不合格的問題。
The era mentioned earlier is developing, and the era of enterprise employment also needs to develop. Robot factories are a major trend. On the one hand, labor costs in our country are also rapidly rising. At present, automation equipment mainly based on robots is gradually gaining favor among businesses. Although some companies have moved their factories to Southeast Asia and other regions to obtain cheaper labor, the recent anti China incident in Vietnam has turned Chinese factories into ashes, causing these companies to suffer huge losses. On the other hand, Southeast Asian countries are politically unstable and have backward infrastructure, which is not a good place for manufacturing investment. The best way is to carry out automation transformation and upgrading. Robots replacing manual production can help enterprises solve the problem of labor difficulties, greatly saving expenses in production costs. Mechanized operations effectively reduce the problem of product quality inspection failures.
雖然說機器人代替人工生產好處多多，但是機器人制造生產還是處于起步的階段，安全性問題還有待考驗。
Although robots have many benefits in replacing manual production, robot manufacturing and production are still in their infancy, and safety issues still need to be tested.
據國外媒體報道，機器人殺人事件的增加也從側面反應了機器人生產安全性問題還有待提高。以下有這樣的一項事故，Holbrook正在履行她的常規職責，此時一臺機器的行為非常不規律。Holbrook在工廠的“100個區”的第六密室中，一個機器人意外被激活了，她大吃一驚。這些密室被安全門分開，機器人不應該移動。但它不知怎么地接近了Holbrook，并打算安裝拖車接頭組件部分。這臺機器把硬件裝到Holbrook的頭上。她無法逃脫，頭骨也被壓碎了。同事們最終察覺異常，發現Holbrook死亡。機器人是按照人類編制的一系列程序驅使他運動的，在程序沒有異常的情況下發生一些突發事故是不能跟人一樣反應過來，機器人產業尚在起步階段，保險起見，生產制造還是不能讓機器人全部代替人工。
According to foreign media reports, the increase in robot killing incidents also reflects the need to improve the safety of robot production. There was an accident where Holbrook was performing her regular duties while a machine was behaving very irregularly. Holbrook was shocked when a robot was accidentally activated in the sixth chamber of the "100 zones" in the factory. These secret rooms are separated by security doors, and robots should not move. But it somehow approached Holbrook and planned to install trailer joint components. This machine installs hardware onto Holbrook's head. She couldn't escape and her skull was crushed. Colleagues eventually noticed the anomaly and discovered that Holbrook had died. Robots are driven to move according to a series of programs programmed by humans. In the absence of any abnormalities in the program, unexpected accidents cannot be reacted to like humans. The robotics industry is still in its infancy, and for safety reasons, production and manufacturing cannot allow robots to completely replace human labor.
我國機器人制造產業短板
Shortcomings in China's robot manufacturing industry
眼下中國制造業面臨升級，如何向價值鏈更高的領域延伸？機器人行業有望成為引領我國制造業產業升級的排頭兵。高額費用的機器人生產線使得不少企業望而卻步。
At present, China's manufacturing industry is facing upgrading. How can it extend to higher areas of the value chain? The robotics industry is expected to become a pioneer in leading the upgrading of China's manufacturing industry. The high cost of robot production lines has deterred many companies.
從國內機器人產業的發展狀況來看，不管是服務機器人、醫療機器人還是工業機器人，大多都較為低端，高端產品仍舊需要進口，例如某醫院引進了海外的手術機器人之后，名聲大噪。但是要知道這樣的榮譽、成就來源于海外機器人產業的發展，對于國內機器人生產、制造、銷售并沒有太大意義。
From the development status of the domestic robotics industry, whether it is service robots, medical robots, or industrial robots, most of them are relatively low-end, and high-end products still need to be imported. For example, after a hospital introduced overseas surgical robots, its reputation became famous. However, it should be noted that such honors and achievements come from the development of the overseas robotics industry, and have little significance for domestic robot production, manufacturing, and sales.
與海外發達國家相比，我國機器人產業仍舊較為落后。雖然國內從事機器人相關產品與服務研發的企業有3000多家，但是這些企業不少都是從事非核心零部件的生產代工，并沒有太高的技術含量。而且，從事征集制造的機器人企業，國內更是屈指可數，那些真正擁有自主產權的，更是鳳毛麟角。總體來看，我國機器人產業仍舊需要質的提升。
Compared with developed countries overseas, China's robot industry is still relatively backward. Although there are over 3000 domestic enterprises engaged in the research and development of robot related products and services, many of these enterprises are engaged in the production and outsourcing of non core components, and do not have a high level of technological content. Moreover, there are only a few robot companies engaged in solicitation and manufacturing in China, and those who truly have independent property rights are even rarer. Overall, China's robotics industry still needs a qualitative improvement.
不過，國內機器人產業參與者也不必氣餒，隨著我國汽車工業、家電、3C制造業、食品飲料、醫藥化工等實體產業的市場規模不斷擴大，機器換人仍舊是剛需。而且這些下游產業如今面臨著智能制造的趨勢，以此機器人企業需要大力完善自身技術水平，來把握這一市場機遇。
However, domestic participants in the robotics industry need not be discouraged. With the continuous expansion of the market size of physical industries such as the automotive industry, home appliances, 3C manufacturing, food and beverage, and pharmaceutical and chemical industries in China, the replacement of robots with humans is still a necessity. And these downstream industries are now facing the trend of intelligent manufacturing, so robot companies need to vigorously improve their own technological level to seize this market opportunity.
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