VOCs廢氣處理：9大工藝、適用范圍、成本控制
目前的揮發性有機污染物的治理包括破壞性，非破壞性方法，及這兩種方法的組合。
The current treatment of volatile organic pollutants includes destructive and non-destructive methods, as well as a combination of these two methods.
破壞性的方法包括燃燒、生物氧化、熱氧化、光催化氧化，低溫等離子體及其集成的技術，主要是由化學或生化反應，用光，熱，微生物和催化劑將VOCs轉化成CO2和H2O等無毒無機小分子化合物。
Destructive methods include combustion, biological oxidation, thermal oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, low-temperature plasma and its integrated technologies, mainly using chemical or biochemical reactions, light, heat, microorganisms and catalysts to convert VOCs into non-toxic inorganic small molecule compounds such as CO2 and H2O.
非破壞性法，即回收法，主要是碳吸附、吸收、冷凝和膜分離技術，通過物理方法，控制溫度，壓力或用選擇性滲透膜和選擇性吸附劑等來富集和分離揮發性有機化合物。
Non destructive methods, also known as recycling methods, mainly involve carbon adsorption, absorption, condensation, and membrane separation technologies. They enrich and separate volatile organic compounds through physical methods, controlling temperature, pressure, or using selective permeable membranes and selective adsorbents.
傳統的揮發性廢氣處理常用吸收、吸附法去除，燃燒去除等，在最近幾年中，半導體光催化劑的技術體，低溫等離子得到了迅速發展。
Traditional volatile exhaust gas treatment commonly uses absorption, adsorption, combustion removal, etc. In recent years, the technology of semiconductor photocatalysts and low-temperature plasma has developed rapidly.
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處理工藝解析
Process analysis
1.吸附工藝
1. Adsorption process
（1）吸附工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to Adsorption Process
吸附法主要適用于低濃度氣態污染物的凈化，對于高濃度的有機氣體，通常需要首先經過冷凝等工藝將濃度降低后再進行吸附凈化。吸附技術是最為經典和常用的氣體凈化技術，也是目前工業VOCs 治理的主流技術之一。吸附法的關鍵技術是吸附劑、吸附設備和工藝、再生介質、后處理工藝等。
Adsorption method is mainly suitable for the purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants. For high concentration organic gases, it is usually necessary to first reduce the concentration through condensation and other processes before adsorption purification. Adsorption technology is the most classic and commonly used gas purification technology, and it is also one of the mainstream technologies for industrial VOCs treatment at present. The key technologies of adsorption method include adsorbent, adsorption equipment and process, regeneration medium, post-treatment process, etc.
活性炭因其具有大比表面積和微孔結構而廣泛應用于吸附回收有機氣體。目前，對活性炭吸附有機氣體的研究主要集中在吸附平衡的預測、活性炭材料的改性及有機物的物化性質對活性炭吸附性能的影響。
Activated carbon is widely used for adsorption and recovery of organic gases due to its large specific surface area and microporous structure. At present, research on the adsorption of organic gases by activated carbon mainly focuses on the prediction of adsorption equilibrium, modification of activated carbon materials, and the influence of the physicochemical properties of organic matter on the adsorption performance of activated carbon.
（2）活性炭吸附工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of activated carbon adsorption technology
活性炭纖維吸附有機廢氣是當今世界上最為先進的技術之一，活性炭纖維比顆粒狀活性炭具有更大的吸附容量和更快的吸附動力學性能，活性炭吸、脫附工藝流程見圖1。
Activated carbon fiber adsorption of organic waste gas is one of the most advanced technologies in the world today. Activated carbon fiber has a larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption kinetics than granular activated carbon. The process flow of activated carbon adsorption and desorption is shown in Figure 1.
（3）活性炭吸附工藝影響因素
(3) Factors affecting activated carbon adsorption process
（4）活性炭凈化空氣的物理吸附，如圖2所示四種情況：
(4) The physical adsorption of activated carbon for air purification is shown in four situations in Figure 2:
分子直徑大于孔的直徑，由于空間位阻，分子不能入孔，因此不吸附；
The molecular diameter is larger than the diameter of the pore, and due to steric hindrance, the molecule cannot enter the pore and therefore does not adsorb;
分子直徑等于孔的直徑，吸附劑的捕捉力很強，非常適合低濃度吸附；
The molecular diameter is equal to the diameter of the pore, and the capturing power of the adsorbent is strong, making it very suitable for low concentration adsorption;
分子直徑小于孔的直徑，孔內發生毛細管冷凝，吸附容量大；
If the molecular diameter is smaller than the diameter of the pore, capillary condensation occurs inside the pore, resulting in a large adsorption capacity;
分子直徑遠小于孔的直徑，吸附分子很容易解吸，解吸速率高，低濃度下的吸附量較小。
The molecular diameter is much smaller than the pore diameter, and the adsorbed molecules are easily desorbed with a high desorption rate, resulting in a smaller adsorption capacity at low concentrations.
（5）活性炭吸附工藝的優缺點
(5) Advantages and disadvantages of activated carbon adsorption process
優點：
Advantages:
適用于低濃度的各種污染物；
Suitable for various pollutants at low concentrations;
活性炭價格不高，能源消耗低，應用起來比較經濟；
Activated carbon is not expensive, has low energy consumption, and is relatively economical to use;
通過脫附冷凝可回收溶劑有機物；
Solvent organic compounds can be recovered through desorption condensation;
應用方便，只與同空氣相接觸就可以發揮作用；
Easy to apply, can only function in contact with the same air;
活性炭具有良好的耐酸堿和耐熱性，化學穩定性較高。
Activated carbon has good acid and alkali resistance, heat resistance, and high chemical stability.
缺點：
Disadvantages:
吸附量小，物理吸附存在吸附飽和問題，隨著吸附劑的消耗，吸附能力也變弱，使用一段時間后可能會出現吸附量小或失去吸附功能；
The adsorption capacity is small, and there is a problem of adsorption saturation in physical adsorption. As the adsorbent is consumed, the adsorption capacity also weakens. After a period of use, there may be a decrease in adsorption capacity or loss of adsorption function;
吸附時，存在吸附的專一性問題，對混合氣體，可能吸附性會減弱，同時也存在分子直徑與活性炭孔徑不匹配，造成脫附現象；
During adsorption, there is a problem of adsorption specificity, which may weaken the adsorption of mixed gases. At the same time, there is also a mismatch between the molecular diameter and the pore size of activated carbon, resulting in desorption phenomenon;
2.吸收工藝
2. Absorption process
（1）吸收工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to absorption process
用溶液、溶劑或清水吸收工業廢氣中的揮發性氣體，使其與廢氣分離的方法叫吸收法。溶液、溶劑、清水稱為吸收劑。吸收劑不同可以吸收不同的有害氣體。
The method of absorbing volatile gases from industrial waste gas using solutions, solvents, or clean water to separate them from the waste gas is called absorption method. Solutions, solvents, and clean water are called absorbents. Different absorbents can absorb different harmful gases.
吸收法使用的吸收設備叫吸收器、凈化器或洗滌器。吸收法的工藝流程和濕法除塵工藝近似，只是濕法除塵工藝用清水，而吸收法凈化有害氣體要用溶劑或溶液。
The absorption equipment used in the absorption method is called an absorber, purifier, or washer. The process flow of absorption method is similar to that of wet dust removal process, except that wet dust removal process uses clean water, while absorption method purifies harmful gases using solvents or solutions.
（2）吸收工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of absorption technology
以石油和天然氣回收為例，石油和天然氣回收應包括煉油廠，化工廠，石油和天然氣站裝卸、產生的油氣。石油和天然氣出廠到銷售終端是一個完整的系統。
Taking oil and gas recovery as an example, oil and gas recovery should include the loading and unloading of oil and gas from refineries, chemical plants, and oil and gas stations. The transportation of oil and natural gas from the factory to the sales terminal is a complete system.
美國和歐洲國家，通常是在加油站采用一階段和兩階段油氣回收措施，即密閉卸油與加油，儲罐內油氣返回油罐車，在加油時使用真空輔助裝置或油箱內壓返回儲罐。在油庫，煉油廠和其他石油制品經銷地設置油氣回收裝置，回收油氣。
In the United States and European countries, single-stage and two-stage oil and gas recovery measures are usually adopted at gas stations, namely closed unloading and refueling, and the oil and gas in the storage tank are returned to the tank truck. During refueling, vacuum assisted devices or tank pressure are used to return to the storage tank. Install oil and gas recovery devices in oil depots, refineries, and other petroleum product distribution locations to recover oil and gas.
吸收法通常用于油氣回收。裝卸油品時產生的油氣進入吸收塔，從出口排出貧油空氣，解吸塔內進行吸收液的真空解吸，解吸的吸收液再循環利用，回收塔用汽油將進入的解吸氣進行回收，尾氣返回吸收塔重復該過程。用溶液吸收法回收揮發性有機物的吸收液通常是特殊的吸收液，吸收液的選擇將影響回收效果。
Absorption method is commonly used for oil and gas recovery. The oil and gas generated during the loading and unloading of oil products enter the absorption tower, and lean air is discharged from the outlet. The vacuum desorption of the absorption liquid is carried out in the desorption tower, and the desorbed absorption liquid is recycled. The recovery tower uses gasoline to recover the desorbed gas that enters, and the exhaust gas returns to the absorption tower to repeat the process. The absorption solution used to recover volatile organic compounds by solution absorption method is usually a special absorption solution, and the choice of absorption solution will affect the recovery effect.
（3）吸收工藝優缺點
(3) Advantages and disadvantages of absorption process
優點：
Advantages:
吸收法工藝比較簡單，設備投資較低，操作和維修費用基本與碳吸附法相當，由于吸收介質是采用煤油和吸收液，因此沒有二次污染問題。
The absorption method has a relatively simple process, low equipment investment, and operation and maintenance costs that are basically equivalent to carbon adsorption method. As the absorption medium uses kerosene and absorption liquid, there is no secondary pollution problem.
缺點：
Disadvantages:
此工藝方法回收效率低，對于環保要求較高時，很難達到允許的油氣排放標準；設備占地空間大；能耗高；吸收劑消耗較大，需不斷補充。
This process method has low recycling efficiency and is difficult to meet the allowable oil and gas emission standards when environmental requirements are high; The equipment occupies a large space; High energy consumption; Absorbent consumption is high and needs to be continuously replenished.
3.冷凝工藝
3. Condensation process
（1）冷凝工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to Condensation Process
油品在儲運和銷售過程中部分輕烴組分揮發進入大氣，造成資源浪費和環境危害。同時有機溶劑廣泛應用于工業生產中，每年都有大量的有機溶劑揮發到空氣中，危害人類健康，造成嚴重的環境污染。采取合適的方法回收這些揮發性有機物不但可以降低企業生產成本，而且具有巨大的環保效益。
During the storage, transportation, and sale of oil products, some light hydrocarbon components evaporate into the atmosphere, causing resource waste and environmental hazards. At the same time, organic solvents are widely used in industrial production, and a large amount of organic solvents evaporate into the air every year, posing a threat to human health and causing serious environmental pollution. Adopting appropriate methods to recover these volatile organic compounds can not only reduce production costs for enterprises, but also have significant environmental benefits.
冷凝法是用來回收VOCs的一種有效方法，其基本原理是利用氣態污染物在不同的溫度和壓力下具有不同飽和蒸汽壓，通過降低溫度和增加壓力，使某些有機物凝結出來，使VOCs得以凈化和回收。
Condensation method is an effective method for recovering VOCs. Its basic principle is to use gaseous pollutants with different saturated vapor pressures at different temperatures and pressures. By reducing the temperature and increasing the pressure, certain organic compounds are condensed to purify and recover VOCs.
（2）冷凝工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of condensation technology
冷凝式油氣回收設備采用多級復疊或自復疊制冷技術，系統流程雖然相對復雜，但其關鍵部件壓縮機和節流機構已全部實現本土化生產，投資和運行成本較低。
The condensing oil and gas recovery equipment adopts multi-stage cascade or self cascade refrigeration technology. Although the system process is relatively complex, the key components of the compressor and throttling mechanism have all been localized for production, resulting in lower investment and operating costs.
根據換熱管工作原理可分為制冷劑回路和氣體回路部分，換熱管連接兩部。在氣體循環部分，低溫冷媒在換熱器中和熱的有機溶劑混合氣體進行熱交換，有機溶劑液化后回收，制冷劑流入儲液罐。
According to the working principle of heat exchange tubes, they can be divided into refrigerant circuit and gas circuit parts, and the heat exchange tubes are connected to the two parts. In the gas circulation section, the low-temperature refrigerant exchanges heat with the hot organic solvent mixture gas in the heat exchanger. The organic solvent liquefies and is recovered, and the refrigerant flows into the storage tank.
制冷劑回路，壓縮機將制冷劑壓縮成高溫高壓氣態制冷劑，通過風冷冷凝器液化，通過干燥過濾器，在冷媒-制冷劑熱交換器中冷的液態制冷劑與冷媒進行熱交換，低溫冷媒進入儲液罐，制冷劑通過吸入過濾器進入壓縮機入口，完成整個的制冷劑冷媒換熱過程。
The refrigerant circuit compresses the refrigerant into a high-temperature and high-pressure gaseous refrigerant, liquefies it through an air-cooled condenser, passes through a dry filter, and exchanges heat with the refrigerant in a refrigerant refrigerant heat exchanger. The low-temperature refrigerant enters the storage tank, and the refrigerant enters the compressor inlet through a suction filter, completing the entire refrigerant refrigerant heat exchange process.
（3）冷凝工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of condensation process
冷凝分離法回收輕烴要對原料氣體冷卻降溫。根據原理可分為節流膨脹制冷，膨脹機膨脹制冷。根據工藝可分為制冷劑制冷（如丙烷制冷），節流膨脹制冷，膨脹機膨脹制冷，混合制冷（在膨脹機膨脹制冷或工藝流體自身節流膨脹制冷的基礎上外加冷劑制冷）。
The condensation separation method for recovering light hydrocarbons requires cooling and lowering the temperature of the raw material gas. According to the principle, it can be divided into throttling expansion refrigeration and expander expansion refrigeration. According to the process, it can be divided into refrigerant refrigeration (such as propane refrigeration), throttling expansion refrigeration, expander expansion refrigeration, and mixed refrigeration (adding refrigerant refrigeration on the basis of expander expansion refrigeration or process fluid throttling expansion refrigeration).
分離方法包括精餾系統精餾分離，分離器相平衡分離。這個過程一般包括脫水、增壓（低壓力氣體）、精餾和制冷。以上冷凝工藝的各個部分的選擇都會影響最終的冷凝效果。
The separation methods include distillation separation in the distillation system and phase equilibrium separation in the separator. This process generally includes dehydration, pressurization (low-pressure gas), distillation, and refrigeration. The selection of each part of the above condensation process will affect the final condensation effect.
（4）冷凝工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of condensation process
優點：
Advantages:
冷凝法是利用物質沸點的不同回收，適合沸點較高的有機物，該方法具有回收純度高、設備工藝簡單、能耗低的優點；并有設備緊湊、占用空間小、自動化程度高、維護方便、安全性好、輸出為液態油可直接利用等優點；
The condensation method utilizes the different boiling points of substances for recovery, suitable for organic compounds with higher boiling points. This method has the advantages of high recovery purity, simple equipment and process, and low energy consumption; And it has the advantages of compact equipment, small space occupation, high degree of automation, easy maintenance, good safety, and direct utilization of liquid oil output;
缺點：
Disadvantages:
單一冷凝法要達標需要降到很低的溫度，耗電量巨大，不是真正意義上的“節能減排”。
The single condensation method needs to be lowered to a very low temperature to meet the standard, which consumes a huge amount of electricity and is not truly "energy-saving and emission reduction".
4.膜分離工藝
4. Membrane separation process
（1）膜分離工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to membrane separation process
在石油開采和儲運過程中，部分油品揮發到大氣中形成的油氣中，除空氣外，主要C4-C5以及少量芳香烴。這些有機蒸氣排放不僅造成嚴重的資源浪費，而且對空氣質量有很大影響，進而影響人類的健康，目前，有機蒸氣的分離回收方法主要是冷凝、活性炭吸附、膜分離法、溶劑吸收法。膜分離技術是一種效率較高的分離方法 。
During the process of oil extraction and storage, some oil products evaporate into the atmosphere to form oil and gas, mainly C4-C5 and a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, except for air. These organic vapor emissions not only cause serious resource waste, but also have a significant impact on air quality, thereby affecting human health. Currently, the main methods for separating and recovering organic vapor are condensation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, and solvent absorption. Membrane separation technology is a highly efficient separation method.
（2）膜分離工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of membrane separation technology
膜分離有機蒸氣回收系統是通過溶解-擴散機理來實現分離的。氣體分子與膜接觸后，在膜的表面溶解，進而在膜兩側表面就會產生一個濃度梯度，因為不同氣體分子通過致密膜的溶解擴散速度有所不同，使得氣體分子由膜內向膜另一側擴散，最后從膜的另一側表面解吸，最終達到分離目的。
The membrane separation organic vapor recovery system achieves separation through the dissolution diffusion mechanism. After gas molecules come into contact with the membrane, they dissolve on the surface of the membrane, resulting in a concentration gradient on both sides of the membrane. This is because different gas molecules have different diffusion rates through the dense membrane, causing them to diffuse from the membrane to the other side of the membrane and eventually desorb from the other side of the membrane, ultimately achieving the separation goal.
膜分離裝置設于高壓冷凝器之后，緩沖罐前，由于排放氣壓縮機能力不足，只有一部分氣體經過膜分離裝置，其他部分直接進入緩沖罐，滲透氣返回至低壓冷卻器前，尾氣進入緩沖罐。
The membrane separation device is located after the high-pressure condenser and before the buffer tank. Due to the insufficient capacity of the exhaust gas compressor, only a portion of the gas passes through the membrane separation device, while the rest directly enters the buffer tank. The permeate gas returns to the low-pressure cooler and the exhaust gas enters the buffer tank.
（3）膜分離工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of membrane separation process
支撐層的材質對滲透速率和烴類VOCs回收率產生重要影響，對于同一種材質的支撐層，滲透速率和烴類VOCs 回收率隨孔徑的減小而增大，但當孔徑減到某一臨界值時，隨孔徑的繼續減小，滲透速率和烴類VOCs 回收率將減小。
The material of the support layer has a significant impact on the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate. For the same material of the support layer, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate increase with the decrease of pore size. However, when the pore size decreases to a critical value, as the pore size continues to decrease, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate will decrease.
（4）膜分離工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of membrane separation process
優點：
Advantages:
膜分離技術是近代石油化工學科中分離科學的前沿技術。它具有投資小、見效快、流程簡單、回收率高、能耗低、無二次污染的特點，具有較高的科技含量；
Membrane separation technology is a cutting-edge technology in the field of separation science in modern petrochemical engineering. It has the characteristics of small investment, fast results, simple process, high recovery rate, low energy consumption, and no secondary pollution, and has a high technological content;
缺點：
Disadvantages:
投資大；膜國產率低，價格昂貴，而且膜壽命短；膜分離裝置要求穩流、穩壓氣體，操作要求高。
Large investment; The domestic production rate of membranes is low, the price is expensive, and the lifespan of membranes is short; Membrane separation devices require stable flow and pressure of gas, with high operational requirements.
5.燃燒工藝
5. Combustion process
（1）燃燒工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to Combustion Technology
一類VOCs 處理方法是所謂破壞性技術，即通過化學或生物的技術使VOCs 轉化為二氧化碳、水以及氯化氫等無毒或毒性小的無機物。燃燒法即屬此類技術。
One type of VOCs treatment method is the so-called destructive technology, which converts VOCs into non-toxic or less toxic inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride through chemical or biological techniques. The combustion method belongs to this type of technology.
燃燒法分直接燃燒法和催化燃燒法。直接燃燒法適合處理高濃度 VOCs 的廢氣，因其運行溫度通常在800-1200℃時，工藝能耗成本較高，且燃燒尾氣中容易出現二惡英、NOx等副產物；由于廢氣中VOCs濃度一般較低，僅僅依靠反應熱，一般難以維持反應所需的溫度。
The combustion method is divided into direct combustion method and catalytic combustion method. The direct combustion method is suitable for treating high concentration VOCs exhaust gas, as its operating temperature is usually between 800-1200 ℃, resulting in high process energy consumption costs, and by-products such as dioxins and NOx are prone to occur in the combustion exhaust gas; Due to the generally low concentration of VOCs in exhaust gas, it is difficult to maintain the required temperature for the reaction solely relying on the heat of reaction.
為了提高熱經濟性，人們開展了大量的研究，一個方向是改進催化劑的性能使反應溫度降低。另一個方向是研究新的工藝技術、新的反應器設計以使反應能在較高的溫度下自熱地實現。
In order to improve the thermal economy, extensive research has been conducted, with one direction being to improve the performance of catalysts to lower the reaction temperature. Another direction is to research new process technologies and reactor designs to enable reactions to self heat up at higher temperatures.
（2）燃燒工藝原理及流程
(2) Principles and processes of combustion technology
催化燃燒中，預熱式是一種基本的流程形式。有機廢氣在進入反應器之前，要在預熱室中的加熱，因為有機廢氣溫度低于100攝氏度時，濃度低，熱量不能自給。燃燒凈化后，與未處理的廢氣進行熱交換，回收部分的熱量。煤氣或電加熱是該工藝常用的方法，加熱到催化反應所需的點火溫度。
In catalytic combustion, preheating is a basic process form. Organic waste gas needs to be heated in the preheating chamber before entering the reactor, because when the temperature of organic waste gas is below 100 degrees Celsius, the concentration is low and the heat cannot be self-sufficient. After combustion purification, heat exchange is carried out with untreated exhaust gas to recover some of the heat. Gas or electric heating is a commonly used method in this process, heating to the ignition temperature required for catalytic reaction.
（3）燃燒工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of combustion process
催化燃燒催化劑的選擇是關鍵，在消除效率和能耗方面其性能具有決定性的作用。對于揮發性有機化合物氧化催化劑一般可分為2類：貴金屬催化劑（鉑，鈀等）和金屬氧化物催化劑（銅，鉻，錳等），貴金屬催化劑被廣泛使用于揮發性有機化合物的催化燃燒，因其具有良好的起燃活性。在用于催化氧化VOCs的貴金屬催化劑中，鉑比鈀活性要高。
The selection of catalytic combustion catalysts is crucial, as their performance plays a decisive role in eliminating efficiency and energy consumption. Catalysts for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds can generally be divided into two categories: precious metal catalysts (platinum, palladium, etc.) and metal oxide catalysts (copper, chromium, manganese, etc.). Precious metal catalysts are widely used in the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds due to their excellent ignition activity. Platinum is more active than palladium in precious metal catalysts used for catalytic oxidation of VOCs.
（4）燃燒工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of combustion technology
優點：
Advantages:
相較與直接燃燒法其輔助燃料費用低，二次污染物NOx生成量少，燃燒設備的體積較小，VOCs去除率較高；
Compared with direct combustion method, it has lower auxiliary fuel cost, less secondary pollutant NOx generation, smaller combustion equipment volume, and higher VOCs removal rate;
缺點：
Disadvantages:
催化劑價格較貴，且要求廢氣中不得含有會導致催化劑失活的成分。
Catalysts are expensive and require that the exhaust gas must not contain any components that can cause catalyst deactivation.
6.生物過濾工藝
6. Biological filtration process
（1）生物過濾工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to Biological Filtration Process
利用微生物的新陳代謝過程對多種有機物和某些無機物進行生物降解，可以有效去除工業廢氣中的污染物質，此即為處理有機廢氣的生物法。
The use of microbial metabolism to biodegrade various organic and certain inorganic substances can effectively remove pollutants from industrial waste gas, which is the biological method for treating organic waste gas.
最先提出采用微生物處理廢氣構想的是 Bach，他曾于1923年利用土壤過濾床處理污水處理廠散發的含 H2S 惡臭氣體。在德國和荷蘭的許多地區，該技術已大規模并成功地應用于控制氣味，揮發性有機化合物和空氣中的有毒排放，許多常見的空氣污染物的控制效率已經達到90％以上。
The first person to propose the idea of using microorganisms to treat exhaust gas was Bach. In 1923, he used a soil filter bed to treat the foul odor gas containing H2S emitted from a sewage treatment plant. In many regions of Germany and the Netherlands, this technology has been widely and successfully applied to control odors, volatile organic compounds, and toxic emissions in the air. The control efficiency of many common air pollutants has reached over 90%.
（2）生物過濾工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of biological filtration technology
生物過濾工藝系統通過氣體輸送裝置，噴淋裝置和過濾塔主體三個部分組合而成。揮發性有機化合物通過加壓預濕，在過濾塔內與填料層表面的生物膜相接觸，揮發性有機物從氣相轉移到生物膜，進而被微生物分解利用，并且被轉化成二氧化碳，水和其他的分子物質，然后將凈化后的氣體排出。噴淋裝置定期向填料層噴灑噴淋液, 以調節填料層的水分含量、pH 值和營養鹽含量。
The biological filtration process system is composed of three parts: gas delivery device, spray device, and filter tower body. Volatile organic compounds are pre wetted under pressure and come into contact with the biofilm on the surface of the packing layer in the filtration tower. Volatile organic compounds are transferred from the gas phase to the biofilm, and then decomposed and utilized by microorganisms, and converted into carbon dioxide, water, and other molecular substances. The purified gas is then discharged. The spray device regularly sprays spray liquid onto the filling layer to adjust the moisture content, pH value, and nutrient content of the filling layer.
（3）生物過濾工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of biological filtration process
填料：生物滴濾器中, 生物膜生長在填料的表面, 氣態有機物流通于填料之間的空隙。填料比表面積的大小在一定程度上反映了微生物的多少, 孔隙率則影響氣體、液體的流速, 而填料層的高度對有機物是否處理完全有著重要意義。
Packing: In a biological drip filter, biofilm grows on the surface of the packing, and gaseous organic gas flows through the gaps between the packing. The specific surface area of the filler reflects to some extent the number of microorganisms, while porosity affects the flow rate of gases and liquids. The height of the filler layer is of great significance for the treatment of organic matter.
營養液：生物滴濾塔中的營養物質，微量元素和緩沖液均勻噴灑在填料上，以提供生物膜中生物菌群生長和繁殖所需的營養物質。揮發性有機物的去除率一定程度上受營養液的流量，氮和磷的含量等的影響。
Nutrient solution: Nutrients, trace elements, and buffer solution from the biological drip filtration tower are evenly sprayed onto the packing to provide the necessary nutrients for the growth and reproduction of microbial communities in the biofilm. The removal rate of volatile organic compounds is to some extent affected by the flow rate of nutrient solution, nitrogen and phosphorus content, etc.
進氣：生物滴濾器運行過程中, 氣體流量、入口氣體濃度的大小都對氣體本身的去除效率有著顯著的影響。
Air intake: During the operation of a biological drip filter, the gas flow rate and inlet gas concentration have a significant impact on the removal efficiency of the gas itself.
（4）生物過濾工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of biological filtration process
優點：
Advantages:
適用范圍廣，處理效率高，工藝簡單，費用低，無二次污染 。
Wide applicability, high processing efficiency, simple process, low cost, and no secondary pollution.
缺點：
Disadvantages:
對高濃度、 生物降解性差及難生物降解的 VOCs 去除率低 。
The removal rate of VOCs with high concentration, poor biodegradability, and difficult biodegradability is low.
7.等離子體工藝
7. Plasma technology
（1）等離子體工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to Plasma Process
等離子體污染物控制技術利用氣體放電產生具有高度反應活性的粒子與各種有機、無機污染物發生反應，從而使污染物分子分解成為小分子化合物或氧化成容易處理的化合物而被去除。
Plasma pollution control technology utilizes gas discharge to generate highly reactive particles that react with various organic and inorganic pollutants, thereby decomposing pollutant molecules into small molecule compounds or oxidizing them into easily treatable compounds for removal.
這一技術的最大特點是可以高效、便捷地對多種污染物進行破壞分解，使用的設備簡單，占用的空間較小，并適合于多種工作環境。
The biggest feature of this technology is that it can efficiently and conveniently decompose various pollutants, use simple equipment, occupy small space, and is suitable for various working environments.
（2）等離子體工藝原理及流程
(2) Principles and processes of plasma technology
用于處理揮發性有機物的主要是電暈放電,主要的降解機制如下：在施加的電場下，在電極空間中的電子獲得了能量并開始加速。運動的過程中的電子與氣體分子相互碰撞，使氣體分子被激發、電離或吸附電子成為負離子。
The main method used to treat volatile organic compounds is corona discharge, and the main degradation mechanism is as follows: under an applied electric field, electrons in the electrode space gain energy and begin to accelerate. During the process of movement, electrons collide with gas molecules, causing them to be excited, ionized, or adsorbed into negative ions.
（3）等離子體工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of plasma technology
在降解過程中，電極電壓的選擇和控制是其主要內容，它會影響放電介質的放電和電子的攜能，以及之后的一系列反應，進而影響到降解效率；同時電極電壓也作為該方法達到商業應用的一個重要參數，因此電極電壓的選擇特別關鍵。
In the degradation process, the selection and control of electrode voltage is the main content, which affects the discharge of the discharge medium and the energy carrying of electrons, as well as a series of subsequent reactions, thereby affecting the degradation efficiency; At the same time, electrode voltage is also an important parameter for achieving commercial applications of this method, so the selection of electrode voltage is particularly critical.
低溫等離子體降解VOCs除了和電極電壓有密切關系外,其還受反應器結構、反應背景氣氛、VOCs 廢氣中含水量、放電頻率、放電電壓、VOCs 的化學結構、催化劑種類、低溫等離子體放電形式、反應溫度以及 VOCs的初始濃度等的影響,其中以氣體濃度和氣流量的影響為主。
The degradation of VOCs by low-temperature plasma is not only closely related to electrode voltage, but also influenced by reactor structure, reaction background atmosphere, water content in VOCs exhaust gas, discharge frequency, discharge voltage, chemical structure of VOCs, catalyst type, low-temperature plasma discharge form, reaction temperature, and initial concentration of VOCs, among which gas concentration and gas flow rate are the main factors.
（4）等離子體工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of plasma technology
優點：
Advantages:
處理效率高，運行費用低，特別對芳烴的去除效率高。
High processing efficiency, low operating costs, especially high removal efficiency for aromatic hydrocarbons.
缺點：
Disadvantages:
對高濃度 VOCs 處理效率一般，目前主要停留在實驗室階段，缺乏實際應用。
The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is generally average, and currently it mainly remains in the laboratory stage, lacking practical applications.
8光催化氧化工藝
8 Photocatalytic oxidation process
（1）光催化氧化工藝簡介
(1) Introduction to photocatalytic oxidation process
光化學和光催化氧化法是目前研究較多的一種高級氧化技術。光催化反應即在光的作用下進行的化學反應。分子吸收特定波長的電磁輻射后，是分子達到激發態，然后發生化學反應，產生新的物質，或成為熱反應的引發劑。
Photochemistry and photocatalytic oxidation are currently widely studied advanced oxidation technologies. Photocatalytic reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs under the action of light. After absorbing electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength, molecules reach an excited state and undergo chemical reactions, producing new substances or becoming initiators of thermal reactions.
（2）光催化氧化工藝原理及流程
(2) Principle and process of photocatalytic oxidation technology
Ti02作為一種半導體材料其自身的光電特性決定了它可以用作光催化劑。半導體的能帶結構通常是一個電子填充低能量價帶（VB）和一個空的高能量的導帶（CB），導帶和價帶之間的區域被稱為禁帶。
As a semiconductor material, the photoelectric properties of TiO2 determine that it can be used as a photocatalyst. The band structure of semiconductors typically consists of an electron filled low-energy valence band (VB) and an empty high-energy conduction band (CB), with the region between the conduction and valence bands referred to as the bandgap.
當照射半導體的光能量等于或大于禁帶寬度時，其價帶電子被激發，跨過禁帶進入導帶，并在價帶中產生相應空穴。電子從價帶激發到導帶，激發后分離的電子和空穴都有一部分進一步進行反應。
When the light energy irradiated on a semiconductor is equal to or greater than the bandgap width, its valence band electrons are excited, crossing the bandgap into the conduction band and generating corresponding holes in the valence band. Electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band, and a portion of the separated electrons and holes undergo further reactions after excitation.
光催化反應機理見圖：
The photocatalytic reaction mechanism is shown in the figure:
（3）光催化氧化工藝的影響因素
(3) Influencing factors of photocatalytic oxidation process
研究表明，反應物初始濃度對光催化效率或降解速率有明顯的影響。光催化效率隨著初始濃度增加而波動，存在明顯的濃度轉變點；低濃度目標物的光催化降解效率大于高濃度目標物的光催化降解效率。
Research has shown that the initial concentration of reactants has a significant impact on photocatalytic efficiency or degradation rate. The photocatalytic efficiency fluctuates with increasing initial concentration, and there is a clear concentration transition point; The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of low concentration target substances is greater than that of high concentration target substances.
濕度對光催化反應的影響尚無一致性結論。對于不同化合物或者不同濃度等實驗條件，存在很大的差別。
There is no consistent conclusion on the effect of humidity on photocatalytic reactions. There are significant differences in experimental conditions for different compounds or concentrations.
（4）光催化氧化工藝優缺點
(4) Advantages and disadvantages of photocatalytic oxidation process
優點：
Advantages:
處理效率高，運行費用低，適用于低濃度廣范圍的 VOCs特別對芳烴的去除效率高；
High processing efficiency, low operating costs, suitable for VOCs with low concentration and wide range, especially for high removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons;
缺點：
Disadvantages:
對高濃度 VOCs 處理效率一般；主要還停留在實驗室階段，缺乏實際應用。
The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is average; Mainly still in the laboratory stage, lacking practical application.
9.沸石轉輪+RTO工藝
9. Zeolite wheel+RTO process
（1）工藝原理：
(1) Process principle:
VOCs廢氣通過沸石濃縮轉輪后，能有效被吸附于沸石中，達到去除的目的。經過沸石吸附的揮發性氣體被潔凈后直接通過煙囪排放到大氣中，轉輪持續以1-6轉/小時的速度旋轉。
After passing through the zeolite concentration wheel, VOCs waste gas can be effectively adsorbed onto the zeolite to achieve the purpose of removal. The volatile gases adsorbed by zeolite are cleaned and directly discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney, and the impeller continues to rotate at a speed of 1-6 revolutions per hour.
同時將吸附的揮發性有機物傳送至脫附區，于脫附區中利用一小股加熱氣體將揮發性有機物進行脫附，脫附后的沸石轉輪旋轉至吸附區，持續吸附揮發性有機氣體。脫附后的濃縮有機廢氣送至焚化爐進行燃燒轉成二氧化碳及水蒸氣排放至大氣中。
At the same time, the adsorbed volatile organic compounds are transported to the desorption zone, where a small stream of heated gas is used to desorb the volatile organic compounds. The desorbed zeolite wheel rotates to the adsorption zone and continues to adsorb volatile organic gases. The concentrated organic waste gas after desorption is sent to an incinerator for combustion, where it is converted into carbon dioxide and water vapor and discharged into the atmosphere.
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